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Boléro
''Boléro'' is a one-movement orchestral piece by Maurice Ravel (1875–1937). Originally composed as a ballet commissioned by Russian actress and dancer Ida Rubinstein, the piece, which premiered in 1928, is Ravel's most famous musical composition.〔Orenstein (1991), (p. 99 )〕
Before ''Boléro'', Ravel had composed large scale ballets (such as ''Daphnis et Chloé'', composed for the Ballets Russes 1909–1912), suites for the ballet (such as the second orchestral version of ''Ma mère l'oye'', 1912), and one-movement dance pieces (such as ''La valse'', 1906–1920). Apart from such compositions intended for a staged dance performance, Ravel had demonstrated an interest in composing re-styled dances, from his earliest successes (the 1895 ''Menuet'' and the 1899 ''Pavane'') to his more mature works like ''Le tombeau de Couperin'' (which takes the format of a dance suite).
''Boléro'' epitomises Ravel's preoccupation with restyling and reinventing dance movements. It was also one of the last pieces he composed before illness forced him into retirement. The two piano concertos and the ''Don Quichotte à Dulcinée'' song cycle were the only compositions that followed ''Boléro''.
==Composition==
The work had its genesis in a commission from the dancer Ida Rubinstein, who asked Ravel to make an orchestral transcription of six pieces from Isaac Albéniz's set of piano pieces, ''Iberia''.〔Orenstein (1991), (p. 98 )〕 While working on the transcription, Ravel was informed that the movements had already been orchestrated by Spanish conductor Enrique Fernández Arbós, and that copyright law prevented any other arrangement from being made.〔 When Arbós heard of this, he said he would happily waive his rights and allow Ravel to orchestrate the pieces.〔 However, Ravel changed his mind and decided initially to orchestrate one of his own works.〔 He then changed his mind again and decided to write a completely new piece based on the musical form and Spanish dance called bolero.〔 While on vacation at St Jean-de-Luz, Ravel went to the piano and played a melody with one finger to his friend Gustave Samazeuilh, saying "Don't you think this theme has an insistent quality? I'm going to try and repeat it a number of times without any development, gradually increasing the orchestra as best I can."〔 This piece was initially called ''Fandango'', but its title was soon changed to "''Boléro''".〔 Idries Shah, in his book "The Sufis",〔"The Sufis", by Idries Shah, Octogon Press, London, 1964, page 155〕 says that the tune is an adaptation of a tune used in traditional Sufi ceremonies.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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